Notes
Isaiah 41:8-10, 51:1-3
Galatians 3:8-9 & 28-29
Romans 4:16-17; Ephesians 2:11-22
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Genesis 1:26-31 & 5:2
Matthew 19:3-5
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Abram, son of Terah (of Ur of the Chaldeans).
av-rum/Avram – “Great Father.”
Joshua 24:2 - And Joshua said to all the people, “Thus says the LORD, the God of Israel, ‘Long ago, your fathers lived beyond the Euphrates, Terah, the father of Abraham and of Nahor; and they served other gods. Then I took your father Abraham from beyond the River and led him through all the land of Canaan, and made his offspring many. I gave him Isaac. And to Isaac I gave Jacob and Esau. And I gave Esau the hill country of Seir to possess, but Jacob and his children went down to Egypt….”
First use of “Hebrew” (“Ivri’) re Abram – in Gen. 14:13; cf.”wandering Aramean” (“Arami”) in Deuteronomy 26 [re Jacob].
Genesis 12-28ff. Abrahamic Covenant(s) –
including initial/calling commands & promises YHWH made to Abram of land, seed & blessing [Genesis 12:1-3].
1 Now the LORD said to Abram,
(A) “Go from your country and your kindred and your father’s house to the land that I will show you.
2 And (1) I will make you into a great nation, And (2) I will bless you, And (3) make your name great;
And (B) you shall be a blessing; 3 And (1) I will bless those who bless you, And (2) the one who curses you I will curse. And (3) in you all the families of the earth will be blessed.”
The LORD further specifically makes & cuts his covenant(s)with and/or for Abram and his seed & family. God confirms and expands on the promises as the story of Abram moves forward. See:
Genesis 15
the specific b’rit of 15:18ff. …
Genesis 17
the b’rit olam 17:7ff. and the SIGN of the covenant l-oth b’rit (17:11)… and
the LORD’s magisterial covenant oaths in 22:15ff.
See also, the LORD’s Reaffirmation of Covenant Oath/Promises
to Isaac… & Isaac’s Responses (Genesis 26),
and
God Almighty’s Calling of, Promises to, and Naming of Jacob as Israel (Genesis 35).
Genesis 12-14, setting up Genesis 15
Sarai, Lot, Sodom, kings, & Melchizedek
Melchizedek
Genesis 14:17-24 >
(1 Samuel 2:27-36, 2 Samuel 6:12-15)
¬ Psalm 110:4
¬ Hebrews 5:1-10, 7:11-28
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Big Picture Overview of OT – Understanding Isaiah in Its OT Context (Part 5)
God’s Covenant Promises, Signs, Son(s) & Servants – in Genesis, Exodus,… 2 Samuel … & Isaiah
Son(s) & Servant(s) – Adam, Noah, Israel, David, Jesus
(1) Sonship Issue of Adam as God’s Son … and Jesus as God’s Son (the “True/Last Adam”) AND as God’s Divine Son:
Genesis 1:26 Then God said, “Let us make man [adam] in our image, after our likeness. And let them have dominion over the fish of the sea and over the birds of the heavens and over the livestock and over all the earth and over every creeping thing that creeps on the earth.”
Genesis 5:1-3
This is the book of the generations of Adam. When God created man [adam], He made him in the likeness of God.
Male and female He created them, and He blessed them and named them “Man” [adam] when they were created.
When Adam had lived 130 years, he fathered a son in his own likeness, after his image, and named him Seth.
Genesis 5:32 After Noah was 500 years old, Noah fathered [begat] Shem, Ham, and Japheth.
Luke 3:23… 3:38
Jesus, when he began his ministry, was about thirty years of age, being the son (as was supposed) of Joseph, the son of Heli,… the son of Enos, the son of Seth, the son of Adam, the son of God.
1 Corinthians 15:45
Thus it is written, “The first man Adam became a living being”; the last Adam became a life-giving spirit. [See John 5:21]
(2) Sonship Issue of Israel as God’s First-born Son & Servant … and Jesus as God’s Divine/True Son & Servant:
Romans 9:4 … the people of Israel. Theirs is the adoption as sons; theirs the divine glory and the covenants; theirs the giving of the law, the temple worship, and the promises
Exodus 4:22-23
“Then you shall say to Pharaoh, ‘Thus says the LORD, Israel is my firstborn son, and I say to you, “Let my son go that he may serve Me.” If you refuse to let him go, behold, I will kill your firstborn son.’”
Hosea 11:1
“When Israel was a child, I loved him, and out of Egypt I called My son.”
Matthew 2:15
… where He [Jesus] stayed until the death of Herod. This fulfilled what the Lord had spoken through the prophet: "Out of Egypt I called My Son."
Cf. Christians as “children” & “sons of God:” Romans 8:14,19 For all who are led by the Spirit of God are sons of God…. For the creation waits with eager longing for the revealing of the sons of God. Cf. 1 John 3:1-2, John 1:13, Matt. 5:9
(3) Sonship Issue of David/”David” as God’s Son & Servant … and Jesus as David’s AND God’s True Son:
Psalm 89:27 “And I will make him the firstborn, the highest of the kings of the earth.” …
Isaiah – Israel and an Individual Messiah as God’s Son & Servant
Isaiah 1:2ff., 43:6, 63:8ff., 64:8ff…. v. Isaiah 9:6, etc.
Isaiah 41:8 “But you, Israel, my servant, Jacob, whom I have chosen, the offspring of Abraham, my friend;”
Isaiah 44:1ff “But now hear, O Jacob my servant, Israel whom I have chosen…”,
Isaiah 42:1 “Behold my servant, whom I uphold, my chosen, in whom my soul delights; I have put my Spirit upon him; he will bring forth justice to the nations.”
… AND Isaiah 49 & 52-53!!!
provided something better for us, that apart from us they should not be made perfect.
God’s Covenant Promises, Signs, Son(s) & Servants – in Genesis, Exodus,… 2 Samuel … & Isaiah
Genesis 1:1-2:3/ 2:4-3:19
And God said. And God saw … was good. And God blessed => “Be fruitful & multiply,… fill….”
And God said (6x – vv. 3, 6, 9, 14, 20, 24) begins each day. “Then God said” (2x – vv. 11, 26). “God blessed them and said” (2x – vv. 22, 28). => “Ten Words”
Gen. 3:15 Protoevangelium v. the Curse of the Ground AND the Great Reversal (adam subject to dust)
Genesis 6 & 9 Noahic Covenant(s)
Gen. 6:18 Moses’/OT’s first use of Hebrew term b’rit
God establishes his B’rit with Noah AND gives Noah a Command: Noah & family must come into the ark.
8:20 – 9:17 – What is most commonly called the “Noahic Covenant”
Moses’/Genesis’ use (now repeated) of Hebrew b’rit (Chapter 9 verses 9, 11, 9:12, 13, 15, 16, 17)
Notes: (1) The covenant is (a) Unconditional, (b) Universal & (c) Everlasting!!!
Notably Universal: with Noah AND ALL Noah’s seed, …
AND ALL living creatures,… AND for perpetual generations!
(2) Noah & Ark Animals, Flood Subsiding, God’s Restoration of Creation Mandate and God’s Repeated Giving of the Mandate, and Noah’s Name all reflect/echo Genesis 1-2:4.
(3) The Sign/Token –- famously the rainbow –is for the LORD (!) 9:12ff.
(4) Noah’s “Fall”/ a failed “2d Adam” ….
(5) Noah’s curse on Ham & Canaan, and Noah’s blessing of YHWH, Shem’s God.
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Further problems with humanity, summarized in the Genesis 10-11 Table of Nations and Tower of Babel – in particular highlighting rising conflict with Nimrod & the people/kingdoms/cities that come from him (including Babel & Assyria/Nineveh) … culminating with the TOWER of Babel!
This all sets up the major contrast/tension between the City of Man/Idolatry/Man’s Glory and
the LORD’s plan/promise/covenants with & through Abram.
Genesis 12-28ff. Abrahamic Covenant(s) –
including the initial/calling commands & promises the LORD made to Abram of land, seed & blessing [Genesis 12:1-3].
1 Now the LORD said to Abram,
(A) “Go from your country and your kindred and your father’s house to the land that I will show you. 2 And (1) I will make you into a great nation, And (2) I will bless you, And (3) make your name great;
And (B) you shall be a blessing; 3 And (1) I will bless those who bless you, And (2) the one who curses you I will curse. And (3) in you all the families of the earth will be blessed.”
The LORD further specifically makes & cuts his covenant(s)with and/or for Abram and his seed & family. God confirms and expands on the promises as the story of Abram moves forward. See, e.g.:
the specific b’rit of 15:18ff. …
the b’rit olam 17:7ff. and the SIGN of the covenant l-oth b’rit (17:11)… and
the LORD’s magisterial covenant oaths in 22:15ff.
See also, the LORD’s Reaffirmation of Covenant Oath/Promises to Isaac & Isaac’s Responses (Gen. 26) and God Almighty’s Call, Promises, and Naming of Jacob as Israel (Gen. 35).
Exodus 1-4/ Moses (& Aaron) & Israel v. Pharaoh/Egypt
1:7 fruitful & multiplied
2:24b-25 … and God remembered his covenant with Abraham, with Isaac, and with Jacob. God saw the people of Israel, and God knew.
Chapter 3 (note sign 3:12 … and signs Chapters 4 … and then 7-13ff.)
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Big Picture Overview of OT – Understanding Isaiah in Its OT Context (Part 4)
Hebrews 11:1-16, 39-40
10 For he was looking forward to the city that has foundations, whose designer and builder is God.
13-16 These all died in faith, not having received the things promised, but having seen them and greeted them from afar, and having acknowledged that they were strangers and exiles on the earth.
14 For people who speak thus make it clear that they are seeking a homeland. 15 If they had been thinking of that land from which they had gone out, they would have had opportunity to return.
16 But as it is, they desire a better country, that is, a heavenly one. Therefore God is not ashamed to be called their God, for He has prepared for them a city.
39 And all these, though commended through their faith, did not receive what was promised, 40 since God had provided something better for us, that apart from us they should not be made perfect.
Hebrews 12:22-24
But you have come to Mount Zion and to the city of the living God, the heavenly Jerusalem, and to innumerable angels in festal gathering, and to the assembly of the firstborn who are enrolled in heaven, and to God, the judge of all, and to the spirits of the righteous made perfect, and to Jesus, the mediator of a new covenant, and to the sprinkled blood that speaks a better word than the blood of Abel.
Isaiah 51:11
And the ransomed of the LORD shall return and come to Zion with singing; everlasting joy shall be upon their heads; they shall obtain gladness and joy, and sorrow and sighing shall flee away.
Revelation 3:12
“The one who overcomes I will make a pillar in the temple of My God, and he will never again leave it. Upon him I will write the name of My God, and the name of the city of My God (the new Jerusalem that comes down out of heaven from My God), and My new name.”
Revelation 21:1-3
Then I saw a new heaven and a new earth, for the first heaven and the first earth had passed away, and the sea was no more. 2 And I saw the holy city, new Jerusalem, coming down out of heaven from God, prepared as a bride adorned for her husband. 3 And I heard a loud voice from the throne saying, “Behold, the dwelling place of God is with man. He will dwell with them, and they will be his people, and God himself will be with them as their God.
Revelation 22:1-3
Then the angel showed me the river of the water of life, bright as crystal, flowing from the throne of God and of the Lamb through the middle of the street of the city; also, on either side of the river, the tree of life with its twelve kinds of fruit, yielding its fruit each month. The leaves of the tree were for the healing of the nations. No longer will there be anything accursed, but the throne of God and of the Lamb will be in it, and his servants will worship him.
Isaiah 48:18-19
“Oh that you had paid attention to my commandments! Then your peace would have been like a river, and your righteousness like the waves of the sea; your offspring [zareka = “seed”] would have been like the sand, and your descendants like its grains; their name would never be cut off or destroyed from before Me.”
Isaiah 66:22
“For as the new heavens and the new earth that I make shall remain before me, says the LORD, so shall your offspring and your name remain.”…
Genesis 4:17, 4:23-26, 6:6, 10:6-20, 11:1-9
Daniel 3, Isaiah 47:8-13, Revelation 17-18
Note: Genesis 11:3 lebenah v-hachamar => Exodus 1:14 bilbenim bechomer, 2:3 tebath b-chemar < Genesis 6:14 tebath
Genesis 1:1-2:3
And God said. And God saw … was good.
And God blessed => “Be fruitful & multiply,… fill….”
And God said (6x – vv. 3, 6, 9, 14, 20, 24) begins each day. “Then God said” (2x – vv. 11, 26). “God blessed them and said” (2x – vv. 22, 28). => “Ten Words”
Genesis 1:26-31
Genesis 6 & 9 Noahic Covenant(s)
Gen. 6:18 Moses’/OT’s first use of Hebrew term b’rit
God establishes his B’rit with Noah AND gives Noah a Command: Noah & family must come into the ark.
8:20 – 9:17 – What is most commonly called the “Noahic Covenant”
Again, Moses/Genesis’ use (now repeated) of Hebrew b’rit (9:9, 9:11, 9:12, 9:13)
Notes: (1) The covenant is (a) Unconditional, (b) Universal & (c) Everlasting!!!
Notably Universal: with Noah AND ALL Noah’s seed, …
AND ALL living creatures,… AND for perpetual generations!
(2) Noah & Ark Animals, Flood Subsiding & Restoration of Creation Mandate (and Noah’s Name) reflecting Genesis 1-2:4.
(3) The Sign/Token –- famously the rainbow –is for the LORD (!) 9:12ff.
(4) Noah’s “Fall”/ failed 2d Adam ….
(5) (5) Noah’s curse on Ham & Canaan, blessing of YHWH, Shem’s God.
Further problems with humanity, summarized in the Genesis 10-11 Table of Nations and Tower of Babel – in particular highlighting rising conflict with Nimrod & the people/kingdoms/cities that come from him (including Babel & Assyria/Nineveh) … culminating with the TOWER of Babel!
This all sets up the major contrast/tension between the City of Man/Idolatry/Man’s Glory and
the LORD’s plan/promise/covenants with & through Abram.
Genesis 12-28ff. Abrahamic Covenant(s) –
including the initial/calling commands & promises the LORD made to Abram of land, seed & blessing [Genesis 12:1-3].
1 Now the LORD said to Abram,
(A) “Go from your country and your kindred and your father’s house to the land that I will show you. 2 And (1) I will make you into a great nation, And (2) I will bless you, And (3) make your name great;
And (B) you shall be a blessing; 3 And (1) I will bless those who bless you, And (2) the one who curses you I will curse. And (3) in you all the families of the earth will be blessed.”
The LORD further specifically makes & cuts his covenant(s)with and/or for Abram and his seed & family. God confirms and expands on the promises as the story of Abram moves forward. See, e.g.:
the specific b’rit of 15:18ff. …
the b’rit olam of 17:7ff.,… and
the LORD’s magisterial covenant oaths in 22:15ff.
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Big Picture Overview – Understanding Isaiah in Its OT Context (Part 3)
Romans 4:13-18
13 For the epangelia [“promise”… or “announcement” … or summons to what is fitting or decreed” (i.e. call)] to Abraham and his spermati [“seed”/ “offspring”/ “remnant”] that he would be heir of the world did not come through the law but through the righteousness of faith. 14 For if it is the adherents of the law who are to be the heirs, faith is null and the promise is void. 15 For the law brings wrath, but where there is no law there is no transgression. 16 That is why it depends on faith, in order that the promise may rest on grace and be guaranteed to all his offspring—not only to the adherent of the law but also to the one who shares the faith of Abraham, who is the father of us all, 17 as it is written, “I have made you the father of many nations”— in the presence of the God in Whom he believed, Who gives life to the dead and calls into existence the things that do not exist. 18 In hope he believed against hope, that he should become the father of many nations, as he had been told, “So shall your spermati [“seed”/ “offspring”/ “remnant”] be.”
Romans 9:3-11…
3 For I could wish that I myself were accursed and cut off from Christ for the sake of my brothers, my kinsmen according to the flesh. 4 They are Israelites, and to them belong (1) the adoption, (2) the glory, (3) the covenants hai di-a- thῆ -kai, (4) the lawgiving, ἡ no-mos-the-si-a (5) the worship, and (6) the promises hai ep-an-ge-li-ai. 5 To them belong (7) the patriarchs [3 – A. I. & J.], and from their race, according to the flesh, is the Christ, Who is God over all, blessed forever. Amen. 6 But it is not as though ὁ lo-gos [the word] of God has failed. For not all who are descended from Israel belong to Israel, 7 and not all are children of Abraham because they are his sperma [(singular/neuter) “seed”/ “offspring”/ “remnant”], but “Through Isaac shall your sperma [(sing.)“seed”/ “offspring”/ “remnant”] be named.”
See Gen. 15:5-6 – 5 And He brought him outside and said, “Look toward heaven, and number the stars, if you are able to number them.” Then He said to him, “So shall your tza-re-ka [seed/offspring/descendants] be.
6 And he believed the LORD, and He counted it to him as righteousness.
Gen. 21:12 - But God said to Abraham, "Do not be distressed about the boy and your maidservant. Listen to everything that Sarah tells you, for through Isaac your offspring will be reckoned.”
Gal. 4:23,28 - His son by the slave woman was born according to the flesh, but his son by the free woman was born through the promise. … Now you, brothers, like Isaac, are children of promise.
John 8:33,37 – 33 They answered him, “We are offspring [sperma] of Abraham and have never been enslaved to anyone. How is it that you say, ‘You will become free’?”
37 “I know that you are offspring [sperma] of Abraham; yet you seek to kill me because my word finds no place in you.”
Genesis 1-3ff. “Adamic Covenant” – Parts 1 & 2
Part 1 - Gen. 1-2 - “Edenic Covenant”
… in Reformed Theology, see “Covenant of Works” …
including (a) Gen. 1:26 ff - Imago Dei & the Creation Mandate/Commission and (b) Gen. 2, especially (i) Gen. 2:15 and (ii) Gen. 2:16-17 command re fruit, with 2:17 prohibition re tree of the knowledge of good & evil. cf. Hosea 6:7 - “But like Adam they transgressed the covenant; there they dealt faithlessly with Me.”
Part 2 Gen. 3:8-19 Post-Fall Curses & Grace, esp. the Gen. 3:15 Protoevangelium version/part of Adamic Covenant (i.e. Gospel Promise, … in Reformed Theology under the “Covenant of Redemption”).
Genesis 6 & 9 Noahic Covenants
Gen. 6:18 B’rit with Noah. Command: Noah & family must come into the ark. First use of Hebrew term b’rit in OT.
9:8-17 – What is most commonly called the “Noahic Covenant” Again, the use (now repeated) of Hebrew b’rit (9:9, 9:11, 9:12, 9:13)
Unconditional, Universal & Everlasting!!! Notably Universal: with Noah AND ALL Noah’s seed, … AND ALL living creatures,… AND for perpetual generations! The Sign/Token is for the LORD (!) and is famously the rainbow.
Further problems with humanity, summarized in Genesis 10-11, particularly with Nimrod & the people/kingdoms/cities that come from him (including Babel & Assyria/Nineveh) … culminating with the Tower of Babel (!) all set up the major contrast/tension with the LORD’s plan/promise/covenants with & through Abram.
Genesis 12-28ff. Abrahamic Covenant(s) – including the promises running from 12:1 (and expanding) forward, the specific b’rit of 15:18ff. … the b’rit olam of 17:7ff.,… and the LORD’s magisterial covenant oaths in 22:15ff.